darius ahasuerus and artaxerxes

אָז,” meaning it was the same as the Hebrew word אָז (‘az). Part VIII – Darius I: A Gentile King at the Crux of Jewish Messianic History [i.11] King Darius says: Afterwards, there was a certain man, a Magian, Gaumâta by name, who raised a rebellion in Paišiyâuvâdâ, in a mountain called Arakadriš. After this he ceased to use the title of ‘king of babylon’, calling himself simply ‘king of the Persians and the Medes’. Esther 1:1). Part IX – The Priests & Levites of Nehemiah 10 & 12: Exploring the Papponymy Assumption. Even if I had made such a statement, if Mr. Lanser would have checked the use of the word ‘edayin he would have found such as statement to be totally erroneous. Here is the point. Judges Rēmūt-bēl-ilāni (active under Neriglissar in Babylon), and Nabû-rā’im-šarri (attested in Nabonidus’ second year in Tapsuḫu) were members of the same clan and since judicial functions were often passed in families, Mušēzib-Bēl’s link to one of them appears plausible. [i.15] King Darius says: This was what I did after I became king. Post Script The second attestation of this title comes from Stolper 1989 no. When this effort did not produce results they bided their time until years later when a new Persian king whom the Bible describes by the title Artaxerxes came to power. Instead of a nearly 60 year gap between Ezra 6 & 7 we find chronological continuity. G. B. L. —In Rabbinical Literature: Ahasuerus, the Persian king of the Book of Esther, being identified by the rabbis with the one mentioned in Dan. The meanings are not identical. David and I wrote a curriculum for the youth group on this book and it was a LOT of fun. Unfortunately for Mr. Lanser’s argument, he didn’t verify for himself how the prefix bĕ was used with ‘edayin in its other occurrences in the Bible. The Seraiah Assumption: Wrapping up Loose Ends, The Associates for Biblical Research Responds to the Artaxerxes Assumption, Cyrus to Darius: The 2nd Temple Context of Ezra 4, Darius & Artaxerxes: The Context of the Word to Restore & Build Jerusalem, Darius the great Persian Artaxerxes: A Contextual Look at the Book of Ezra in the Light of Persian History, Darius, Artaxerxes, & the Bible: Confirming Royal Persian Titulature, Mordecai & the Chronological Context of Esther. If the Bible uses the term “Artaxerxes” to describe Persian kings before this word was used as a throne name to describe the Persian king Artaxerxes I (Longimanus), then the entire pretext for a thematic (think non-chronological) view of Ezra 4-6 becomes untenable. The history described in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah proves this is a compelling way. One of Mr. Struse’s most recent posts, “Cyrus to Darius: The 2nd Temple Context of Ezra 4” (https://www.the13thenumeration.com/Blog13/2019/05/04/cyrus-to-darius-the-2nd-temple-context-of-ezra-4/), spends considerable time discussing his understanding of the Hebrew term ’edayin and its exegetical significance. The former kingdom of Babylon became a Persian province only after Darius’ death and it is worthwhile noting that during his reign, Babylon was a satrapy of two big provinces (Babylonia and [lands] Beyond the River) and its ruler has been called “Governor of Babylon and Beyond the River24”. However, according to Thucydides, a historian renowned for his high chronological accuracy, Themistocles met Artaxerxes, ", Daniel's 70 Weeks - The sequential construction identifies Darius with the second Artaxerxes above. Artaxerxes = King of Justice. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. This, what I have shown in these articles to be a reasonable working assumption, informs us that the “Artaxerxes” of Ezra 6:14 onwards and the “Artaxerxes” of Nehemiah are in fact a reference to Darius I ‘The Great’. The earliest known bēlṭēmi appears on a list of silver allotments issued to over eighty men engaged in the preparation of a visit of Cambyses in southern Babylonia in the second year of his reign (Moore 1939 no. ix. It was affixed to the nomen as if to say it was the king’s primary title. The name appears in Ezra 4:6, the Book of Esther, and other religious texts. The name of the first man — hence the most important one — is partly damaged, just like his function, provided it was given at all. I think we might be missing the real mark here. Equating Ahasuerus with Darius I, rather than with Xerxes I, is supported by the association of the name Artaxerxes with Darius I in Ezra 6:14. In other words, if Artaxerxes was used in the Bible to describe Persian kings before Longimanus then the chronological premise of Mr. Lanser’s Seraiah Assumption is erroneous. At the end of this article I will be explaining why I believe his explanation falls short and I’ll further be explaining how his errors regarding this subject are once again rooted in part in his misunderstanding of my position on the subject. 1 (BM 74554), concurrent use of the titles bēlṭēmi and sepīru (b῾lṭ῾m spr᾿ ‘chancellor [and] scribe’) is attested.29 In Egyptian and Bactrian Aramaic letter subscripts, b῾lṭ῾m is paralleled by a title yd῾ṭ῾m᾿znh ‘(PN) knows this order’, which in Bactrian letters is, again, borne by scribes (spr᾿).30 Similar correspondence may also be traced in Persepolis tablets.31 In Egypt, b῾lṭ῾m was a member of the satrap’s entourage, in charge of official correspondence.32 A notable attestation of bēlṭēmi comes from Ezra 4: 8–9, 23, which quotes a letter sent to king Artaxerxes by Rehum b῾lṭ῾m and Shimshai spr᾿ together with “their colleagues the judges[knwthwndyny᾿], legates[᾿prstky᾿], officials [ṭrply᾿],33Persians, men of Erech, Babylonians, men of Susa, that is Elamites.”34 The Septuagint’s rendering of the names of the two first officials as Raoumos and Samsaios suggests the original reading of the second one as Shamshai (rather than Shimshai). For this reason did he slay them, “that they may not know that I am not Smerdis, the son of Cyrus.” There was none who dared to act against Gaumâta, the Magian, until I came. The supporters of the earlier orthodoxy had misinterpreted several clues: the passage in Herodotus about Xerxes’ removal of a statue from the temple of Babylon concerns the statue of a man rather than of Marduk; by Xerxes’ time the Akitu festival had long been suspended so that Xerxes could not have been responsible for any change of program; the shortening of his titulature happened gradually, not abruptly; and the element ‘King of Babylon’ continued to be used occasionally even into the reign of Artaxerxes I. Darius, Artaxerxes, and Ahasuerus in the Bible Kindle Edition by James B. Jordan (Author) Format: Kindle Edition. First of all Mr. Lanser (as he’s done in his article regarding the Darius Assumption) misunderstands and then misstates my position. Try 2 Then [בֵּאדַיִן] rose up Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and began to build the house of God which is at Jerusalem: and with them were the prophets of God helping them. These verses are the crux of Ezra’s 2nd temple era chronology as it relates to Yahweh’s divine command (word-dabar) to restore and build Jerusalem. Thereupon Cambyses went to Egypt. 16 Then [בֵּאדַיִן] the king commanded, and they brought Daniel, and cast him into the den of lions. It’s worth noting here once again that in Ezra 4 the enemies of the Jewish people, in their petition to Artaxerxes, describe the construction efforts as building Jerusalem but when they receive their cease and desist from Artaxerxes it was the temple construction which stopped. If we use a consistent Hermeneutics we must translate ‘edayin’ in Ezra 4:24 in the same manner we translated it in verse 23 – as well as the other 55 other occurrences of the word found in the Old Testament. He was surnamed in Greek Macrocheir (“Longhand”) and in Latin Longimanus. Part IV – Darius and the Kingdom of Arta The supporters of the earlier orthodoxy had misinterpreted several clues: the passage in Herodotus about Xerxes’ removal of a statue from the temple of Babylon concerns the statue of a man rather than of Marduk; by Xerxes’ time the Akitu festival had long been suspended so that Xerxes could not have been responsible for any change of program; the shortening of his titulature happened gradually, not abruptly; and the element ‘King of Babylon’ continued to be used occasionally even into the reign of Artaxerxes I. Furthermore, the Daiva inscription was used as evidence of Xerxes’ supposed policy of intolerance,6 and the dwindling amounts of Babylonian clay tablets in his reign were presented as proof of decline after his violent suppression of the revolts.7. This in fact agrees with Persian history. A king who, unlike Darius, had no reverence for the religious monuments of the people who he ruled. Your email address will not be published. 18 Then [אֱדַיִן] the king went to his palace, and passed the night fasting: neither were instruments of musick brought before him: and his sleep went from him. Their names bear striking resemblance. Jursa, Paszkowiak and Waerzeggers 2003/2004 no. This in fact agrees with Persian history. 23 For Aramaic, see Lemaire and Lozahmeur 1987, for Neo-Babylonian, see Zadok 1985, 76–77. 338-336 BC. A son of, [i.11] King Darius says: Afterwards, there was a certain man, a, [i.13] King Darius says: There was no man, either Persian or Mede or of our own dynasty, who took the kingdom from Gaumâta, the Magian. It is true that there are many secular scholars who feel that the king of Esther must be a later king; others find fault with seeing Xerxes as the king of Ezra. Most students are agreed that he must be a monarch of the Achaemenian dynasty, earlier than Artaxerxes I.; and opinion is divided between Darius Hystaspes and Xerxes. 423-404 BC. In this study, James Jordan argues why the Persian kings named Darius, Ahasuerus, and Artaxerxes in the books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther are one and the same. I restored that which had been taken away, as is was in the days of old. The historical veracity of Tobit, however, is in question, leaving the identity of this character in doubt. That may or may not be conclusive but Dandamayev knows these families and their archives like the back of his hand. I found that EBDB on page 23 observes the word does not always have a strictly temporal significance; point 2 on that page shows it is also used for expressing logical sequence, i.e., “since A, then B.” Then I went to the Biblical Aramaic appendix to EBDB and checked the entry for ʼedayin. This did I by the grace of Ahuramazda, I labored until I had established our dynasty in its place, as in the days of old; I labored, by the grace of Ahuramazda, so that Gaumâta, the Magian, did not dispossess our house. The thesis of this study is that the Persian kings named Darius, Ahasuerus, and Artaxerxes in the books of Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther are one and the same. D.4: 31, cf. Here is the bottom line. The book of Ezra opened with Cyrus’ decree and Jewish people’s return to Jerusalem under the leadership of Joshua and Zerubbabel. The murderer accused the king's eldest son Darius of the crime, with the result that Darius was slain by his younger brother Artaxerxes, who then mounted the throne. In any case, Darius as “king of Assyria” is attested by Darius’ own Behistun inscription. So when Ezra 4:7-24 describes an “Artaxerxes” who stopped construction on the temple of Jerusalem after the reign of Cyrus but before the reign of Darius, it confirms Darius I own account of this Magian usurper who he deposed.

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