david millward, unified security

(2007), analysis of maternal mitochondrial DNA of the human remains has revealed genetic affinities at the maternal side to Ossetians and Iranians, an Eastern-Mediterranean paternal lineage. [citation needed]. [23][24][25] Kulja (Ghulja) was a key area subjected to the Qing settlement of these different ethnic groups into military colonies. After several gruelling months of travel, only one-third of the original group reached Zungharia and had no choice but to surrender to the Qing upon arrival. [108], The modern Uyghur linguist Abdurishid Yakup pointed out that the Turfan Uyghur Buddhists studied the Chinese language and used Chinese books like Qianziwen (the thousand character classic) and Qieyun *(a rime dictionary).[109]. [88] Deliberately kept away from the Uyghur populated southern Xinjiang, Northern Xinjiang had been populated by 2 million Han in 1957–1967.[89]. Millward Investments owns 51 per cent of USG Holdings, which in turn owns all of Unified Security Group (Australia). [27] The Manchu Qing policy of settling Chinese colonists and Taranchis from the Tarim Basin on the former Kalmucks (Dzungar) land was described as having the land "swarmed" with the settlers. [111], Halfway into the 10th century, Karakhanid ruler Musa again attacked Khotan. In the Manuscripts of the Kazakhs of China", "The Kalmyk People: A Celebration of History and Culture", "Demographics and Development in Xinjiang after 1949", "ON SOVIET-CHINA BORDER, THE THAW IS JUST A TRICKLE", "Xinjiang - Britannica Online Encyclopedia", "False Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan (chapter 1)", "Ja Lama - The Life and Death of Dambijantsan", "From Yunnan to Xinjiang : Governor Yang Zengxin and his Dungan Generals", "Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China", "Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead", "Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia", "Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China", Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang, East Turkistan National Awakening Movement, Grasping the large, letting go of the small, China Banknote Printing and Minting Corporation, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, State Administration for Industry and Commerce, China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area, Mainland and Hong Kong Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, Mainland and Macau Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Migration_to_Xinjiang&oldid=1011171042, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2018, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2018, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [citation needed], Uyghur nationalists often incorrectly claim that 5% of Xinjiang's population in 1949 was Han, and that the other 95% was Uyghur, erasing the presence of Kazakhs, Xibes, etc., and ignoring the fact that Hans were around one third of Xinjiang's population at 1800, during the Qing Dynasty. The Tang allied with the Uyghur Bayanchur Khan to suppress the An Lushan rebellion, An Lushan himself being from Soghdian-Turkish descend. [21], The Manchu Qing ordered the settlement of thousands of Han Chinese peasants in Xinjiang after 1760, the peasants originally came from Gansu and were given animals, seeds and tools as they were being settled in the area, for the purpose of making China's rule in the region permanent and a fait accompli. They unified parts of Inner Asia for the first time in history, developed the southern route of the Silk Road, and promoted cultural exchange between the eastern and western territories, dominating the northwest for more than three and half centuries until it was destroyed by the Tibetan Empire. The Tang refused the offer but had to pay them 70,000 pieces of silk to go home. [2][3] It soon was traversed by the Northern Silk Road.[4]. [155] After the victory, Qianlong dispatched additional forces to Ili where they quickly routed the rebels. [36][38], Physical anthropologists propose the movement of at least two Caucasian physical types into the Tarim Basin. I came to move my pastures back to my own land, to collect my subject households and bondservants, to give favour, and to move freely. In 1759 the Qing China conquered the region. After that, the Turkic people prevailed again. [176], Both Han and Tang models for ruling Xinjiang provided some precedence for the Qing, but their style of governance mostly resembled that of nomadic powers like the Qara Khitay, and the centralized European and Russian empires. [51] At that time, the Tarim Basin was inhabited by various peoples, including Tocharians (in Turfan and Kucha) and Indo-Iranian Saka peoples around Kashgar and Khotan. After being settled in Qing territory, the Torghuts were coerced by the Qing into giving up their nomadic lifestyle and to take up sedentary agriculture instead as part of a deliberate policy by the Qing to enfeeble them. Chagatai's grandson Alghu (1260–1266) took advantage of the Toluid Civil War (1260-1264) between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke by revolting against the latter, seizing new territories and gaining the allegiance of the Great Khan's authorities in Transoxiana. Perdue, Peter C. “Military Mobilization in Seventeenth and Eighteenth-Century China, Russia, and Mongolia.” Modern Asian Studies, vol. [62][63] Child slaves were in demand on the Central Asian slave market and Torghut children were sold into this slave trade. A case where a Han male dating a Uyghur woman and then a Han man and her elder sister incited the Uyghur community to condemn and harass her mother. [146] Khoja Afaq collaborated with Galdan's Dzungars when the Dzungars conquered the Tarim Basin from 1678-1680 and set up the Afaqi Khojas as puppet client rulers. [96] In 803 the Uyghurs captured Qocho. [76], Hui Muslim General Bai Chongxi was interested in Xinjiang. They Uyghurs also attacked the Swedish Christian mission in 1907. "[40] Hemphill & Mallory (2004) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFHemphillMallory2004 (help) confirm a second Caucasian physical type at Alwighul (700–1 BCE) and Krorän (200 CE) different from the earlier one found at Qäwrighul (1800 BCE) and Yanbulaq (1100–500 BCE). [37][38], After a revolt by the Xibe in Qiqihar in 1764, the Qianlong Emperor ordered an 800-man military escort to transfer 18,000 Xibe to the Ili valley of Dzungaria in Xinjiang. The Uyghur state in eastern Xinjiang was initially Manicheaean, but later converted to Buddhism. [14] In Dzungaria, the Qing established new cities like Ürümqi and Yining. [313][314] Further incidents include the July 2009 Ürümqi riots, the September 2009 Xinjiang unrest, and the 2010 Aksu bombing that led to the trials of 376 people. According to official statistics, the ratios of doctors, medical workers, medical clinics, and hospital beds to people surpass the national average, and immunization rates have reached 85%. The Turkic Muslims of the Turfan and Kumul Oases then submitted to the Qing dynasty of China, and the Qing accepted the rulers of Turfan and Kumul as Qing vassals. [50] These point to the influence of Chinese culture and Han settlements in the region, and the exchange of luxury items between China, India, and the west lends credence to the view that Xinjiang was the center of Silk Road trade.[50]. [72] Professor Stanley W. Toops noted that today's demographic situation is similar to that of the early Qing period in Xinjiang. [49][50][51] Hans was around one-third of Xinjiang's population at 1800, during the time of the Qing Dynasty. Culturally, Xinjiang maintains 81 public libraries and 23 museums, compared to none of each in 1949, and Xinjiang has 98 newspapers in 44 languages, up from 4 newspapers in 1952. Anachronisms appeared in Muslim writings even after the end of the Tang.[129]. [89], In 762 Tengri Bögü planned to invade the Tang with 4,000 soldiers, but after negotiations switched sides, and assisted them in defeating the An Lushan rebels at Luoyang. [135] Most of the Chagatayids first supported Kublai but in 1269 they joined forces with the House of Ögedei.[136]. [73] Northern Xinjiang was where most Han were. In August 2018, Gay McDougall, a US representative at the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, said that the committee had received many credible reports that 1 million ethnic Uyghurs in China have been held in "re-education camps". This page was last edited on 7 March 2021, at 04:42. [315] In 2013 and 2014 a series of attacks on railway stations and a market, which claimed the lives of 70 people, and wounded hundreds more, resulted in a 12-month government clampdown. No permanent settlement was allowed in the Tarim Basin, with only merchants and soldiers being allowed to stay temporarily.[207]. In May 2018, US Assistant Secretary of Defense for Indo-Pacific Security Affairs Randall Schriver said "at least a million but likely closer to three million citizens" were imprisoned in detention centers, which he described as "concentration camps". 4, 1996, p. 773, Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang, "The Dead Tell a Tale China Doesn't Care to Listen To", https://www.jstor.org/stable/312949?seq=17, "Xviii - Xix Centuries. Eventually, the Turkic Muslim Kara-Khanids prevailed and Islamized the region. [255] The modern Uyghur people experienced ethnogenesis especially since 1955, when the PRC officially recognized their ethnic category—distinct from the Han—of formerly separately self-identified oasis peoples. In 1271 the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) was founded by Kublai Khan and based in modern-day Beijing, but lost control of the Tarim Basin and Zungharia to Ariq Böke, ruler of Mongolia.[130]. Studying for a PhD. [35] Salar migrants from Amdo (Qinghai) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants, and as soldiers enlisted in the Chinese army to fight in Ili, often following the Hui. [245], In the name of Islam, the Uyghur leader Abdullah Bughra violently physically assaulted the Yarkand-based Swedish missionaries and would have executed them, except they were only banished due to the British Aqsaqal's intercession in their favor. Human Resource Management Theory and Practice 9780805838626. [115][116][117][118][119][120] Satuq Bughra Khan and his son directed endeavors to proselytize Islam among the Turks and engage in military conquests. Dr Helen Millward. [51] Between 133 BCE and 89 CE, the Hand and the Xiongnu fought a series of battles, known as the Han–Xiongnu War. ", "China: Free Xinjiang 'Political Education' Detainees", "STATEMENT BY THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNING THE HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION OF UYGHURS AND OTHER TURKIC MUSLIMS IN XINJIANG, CHINA", Canadian House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Development, "More than 35 countries defend China over mass detention of Uighur Muslims in UN letter", "Expert Estimates China Has More Than 1,000 Internment Camps For Xinjiang Uyghurs", "Woman describes torture, beatings in Chinese detention camp", "China putting minority Muslims in 'concentration camps,' U.S. says", "Canadian went to China to debunk reports of anti-Muslim repression, but was 'shocked' by treatment of Uyghurs", "Muslim minority in China's Xinjiang face 'political indoctrination': Human Rights Watch", "Responsibility of States under International Law to Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslims in Xinjiang, China", "China's Forced Sterilization of Uighur Women Is Cultural Genocide", "VI. However, he rebelled three years later and usurped the throne of Qara Khitai. It had distinct geography, history, and culture, while at the same was still Chinese territory, settled by Han and Hui, distinct from the rest of Central Asia, and largely multicultural. The Tarim Basin and Indo-European kingdoms were controlled through military colonies by the Han dynasty, but the Han "never had a foothold in Zungharia (northern Xinjiang), which the Xiongnu and the Wusun dominated for this whole period. BibleThe Bible is a collection of religious texts or scriptures sacred to Christians, Jews, Samaritans, Rastafari and others. The settled lands were known at the time as Manglai Sobe or Mangalai Suyah, which translates as "Shiny Land" or "Advanced Land that faced the Sun." And Public Holidays. The Arslan Khans were also toppled and Balasaghun taken by Satuq, with the conversion of the Qarakhanid Turk population to Islam following Satuq's accession to power. [182] Han and Tang era records and accounts of Xinjiang were the only writings on the region available to Qing era Chinese in the 18th century and needed to be replaced with updated accounts by the literati.[154][181]. Unified is proudly Indigenous, privately owned, and built on the foundations of quality, service and excellence. Suggestions include the need for a stronger state to deal with the Qin unification of China[48] that resulted in a loss of the Ordos region at the hands of Meng Tian or the political crisis that overtook the Xiongnu in 215 BC when Qin armies evicted them from their pastures on the Yellow River.[49]. At the time, the Turkic, Arab, Byzantine, Indian rulers, and the Chinese emperor were known as the world's "five great kings." [272] This has taken the form of both frequent terrorist attacks and wider public unrest (such as the July 2009 Ürümqi riots). Power in the western half devolved into the hands of several tribal leaders, most notably the Qara'unas. [74][note 7], The devastating Anshi Rebellion (755–763) ended Tang presence in the Tarim Basin, when the Tibetan Empire invaded the Tang on a wide front from Xinjiang to Yunnan, sacking the Tang capital Chang'an in 763,[citation needed] and taking control of the southern Tarim. [15] The Qing were the ones who unified Xinjiang and changed its demographic situation. [65] This was partially spurred by Chinese policies of using Turkic soldiers, which unintentionally sped the Turkification of Xinjiang,[69] rather than the Sinification that had occurred in other territories conquered by the Tang. Research . The Madrasas taught poetry, logic, syntax, Arabic grammar, Islamic law, the Quran, but not much history. Find contact's direct phone number, email address, work history, and more. [295], In 1966-67 "bloody incidents" flared up as Chinese and Soviet forces clashed along the border. Recent incidents include the 2007 Xinjiang raid, a thwarted 2008 suicide bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight,[312] and the 2008 Xinjiang attack which resulted in the deaths of sixteen police officers four days before the Beijing Olympics. The Qing enacted different policies for different areas of Xinjiang. by Central Asians when they had altercations. [145] The Dzungar leader Galdan was then asked by the Dalai Lama to restore Khoja Afaq as ruler of Kashgararia. The Persian Hudud al-'Alam uses the name "Chinese town" to refer to Qocho, the capital of the Uyghur kingdom, and Tang names were kept in use for more than 50 Buddhist temples, with Emperor Tang Taizong's edicts stored in the "Imperial Writings Tower," and Chinese dictionaries like Jingyun, Yuian, Tang yun, and da zang jing (Buddhist scriptures) stored inside the Buddhist temples.

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