safe handling of solid bulk cargoes

Please refer to Skuld Rule 5.2.5A protest should be issued if the draft surveys are different from the shipper’s figures. Prior to the fumigation, the vessel should be inspected to confirm its suitability for such operations. In this respect, members need to review before entering into their charters that charterers are financially secure. In 2016/17, the total production of wheat was over 735 million tones, making it one of the most produced cereal in the world, and is now said to be grown on more land area than any other food. For North Atlantic voyages, a moisture content of 13% is the optimum value and the grain is dry for shipment. The same procedures as for in transit fumigation should be followed. Swire Shipping. ), odor-tainting or pest-infested cargoes, holds must be cleaned, disinfected, deodorized and ventilated. ), and then shipped to a flour mill or feed compounder for further storage. During the lower temperatures in the winter, 15% is possible. Temperature / Moisture / Water ContentSafe wheat carriage requires certain temperature, humidity/moisture and ventilation conditions. If a shipment of wheat cargo with high moisture is loaded in high temperature, the dew point of the atmosphere within the hold would be higher than that of the external air, resulting in ship's sweat. Where such damage is suspected, a sea water test should be carried out using the silver nitrate method. By using a diverter-type (D/T) mechanical sampler, a certain amount of the grain lot is drawn out for sampling. It is very important that the right dosage of fumigant is used and the amount is always calculated by an authorised person / qualified operator. They are the starting points for moist spots which expand continuously and finally encompass the entire cargo of grains with a major rise in temperature. After completion of discharge the total shortage was found to be only ¼ of the originally claimed shortage, 50MT. on: Lines are open Amendment 05-19 (2020 edition) is the current Code in force as of 1 January 2021. If vessel loads at other than U.S. or Canadian ports, she is to load under inspection of such national and/or regulatory bodies as may be required. For this reason, holds must be completely odour-free and deodorization must not be carried out until immediately before loading. Reference is made to the Legal disclaimer governing use of this website. : www.martinazcueta.com. Individual clusters of damp wheat may cause considerable damage to the cargo. In some cases, consideration should be given to whether the claim can be settled quickly. Contact Respiration may cause life-threatening CO2 concentrations or O2 shortages in the holds. Contact Do you want to compare your ship performance vs industry standard and identify efficiency improvements? The ship's steel structure, being a good thermal conductor and in direct contact with the sea water and air, would adopt to those temperatures and gradually become cold from the outer hull to the hold structure, whilst the cargo itself, being a poor thermal conductor, would only get cooler slowly while tending to maintain its higher loading temperature, especially toward the insulated centre of the stow. As you can see from the list, wheat is often shipped over long distances. Please select a reason for contacting BIMCO from the list above to find the best contact number. Membership VentilationVentilation is essential until the cargo has been unloaded from the ship, and should not be stopped while the ship is waiting to berth. Wheat can be classified by moisture content: Moisture causes mold, mustiness and fermentation, agglomeration, self-heating and a risk of germination (premature sprouting). Vessel and holds must meet requirement in the Grain Code, The hatch covers are to be in weather-tight condition, Necessary hatch cover sealing materials are to be carried on board / used to prevent water ingress to the cargo holds during voyage, Inspection of holds to ensure they are dry, clean and free of insects, Obtaining necessary cargo information / instruction of carriage by sea from the shipper, Sample cargo and check its condition regularly, Call a P&I surveyor for assistance, if necessary, Conduct draft surveys before and after cargo loading, Get a fumigation certificate / instruction from the authority. This helps us direct your call to the correct department. It starts out on a farm, where wheat is harvested and stored locally, or transported by a truck to a storage elevator. Unless the conditions of Clause 18(b) apply the Master’s notice of readiness as the first or sole loading port, shall be accompanied by the certificates issued in accordance with this Clause. During the operations, a warning sign should be displayed and any unnecessary boarding should be prohibited. Vessel is to comply with the rules of such authorities, and shall load cargo not exceeding what she can reasonably stow and carry over and above her Cabin, Tackle, Apparel, Provisions, Fuel, Furniture and Water. Control of fuel oil quality and derived pollution, Piracy, armed robbery and other violent criminal acts at sea, Dangers associated with solid bulk cargoes, BIMCO Basic IMSBC Code Step-by-Step User Guide Chart. During discharge in Chittagong, 150MT was found damaged due to overheating. In the grain trade the following types of voyage charter forms are generally used, although with some modifications to suit local circumstances. Cargo sweatCargo sweat occurs when warm moist air comes into contact with the surface of a cold cargo. 08:30-17:00 (CST). Installed at the end of the conveyor belt, it draws samples by periodically moving a device through the entire grain stream. Such instructions should be written in a language readily understood by the master or his representative. An inspection certificate confirming fitness for loading should be provided. The preparations, procedures and safety precautions of such operations are also detailed in numerous guidelines, including the ones listed below: Fumigation can be conducted before loading, before sailing, or during the voyage (in transit) by a competent fumigator who is trained and certified to use or supervise the use of fumigants and to carry out ventilation activities. Wheat releases water vapour constantly, which needs to be dissipated by ventilation. Providing us with as much detail as possible will help us to deal with your enquiry quickly. To avoid shifting of cargo, the grain surfaces must be reasonably trimmed. At low moisture content, the intensity of respiration is low at all temperatures. The captain signed a clean bill of lading for 2500MT of wheat in hold 2. Over the years the Association has seen many claims arising out of the transportation of wheat/grain cargoes: Andrew Moore & Associates Ltd: www.andrew-moore.com, AVA Marine Group Inc.: www.ava-marine.com, Agencia Maritima Walsh (E.Burton) SRL: www.walsh.com.ar, Messrs. Alberto Martin Azcueta & Assoc. Follow the fumigation instruction strictly, Check the cargo hold bilge, cargo temperature and humidity regularly, Prevent over-heating to the fuel oil tanks next to the cargo spaces, Follow the Enclosed Space Entry Procedure strictly, Always be careful when entering holds due to increased CO2 and decreased O2 levels, Discourage discharge operations in bad weather. Vessel Inspection:Vessel is to load under inspection of National Cargo Bureau, Inc in USA ports or the Port Warden in Canadian ports. A ship without a Document of Authorization must not load grain until the master satisfies the Flag State Administration, or the SOLAS Contracting Government of the port of loading, that the ship will comply with the requirements of the International Grain Code in its proposed loaded condition. Fumigation Rules and RegulationsSince fumigant gases are poisonous to humans and require special equipment and skills for application, they should be used only by specialists and not by the ship's crew. Switchboard Warm moist air would then rise from within the stow to the underside of the hatch covers, as well as to the sides of the hold due to convection. wheat, then any heating of the cargo by an external source such as a fuel oil tank or an engine can also result in the formation of condensation onto cold structures. Additionally, the Vessel shall pass any survey/inspection required under State and/or Federal Legislation. Owner-, broker- and agency members can access information about non-payment issues, fake invoices and fraudulent behaviour reported to BIMCO. Cargo receiver claimed a shortage of 200MT of wheat when the vessel discharged in Tunis. The main purpose of ventilating a wheat cargo is to minimise moisture within the cargo hold by replacing moist air with relatively drier air; this helps to prevent the formation of ship's sweat and cargo sweat, both of which are likely to cause damages to the cargo. IMDG Code or International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code is accepted as an international guideline for the safe transportation of dangerous goods and hazardous materials by sea. Without the certificate, the vessel will be refused entry into port to load cargo. SOLAS regulation VI Part C (Regulation 9) (Requirements for cargo ships carrying grain) provides that a cargo ship carrying grain must hold a Document of Authorization as required by the International Grain Code. A link exists between the need for ventilation of wheat / grain and its moisture content. Almost all the above charter parties have provisions for vessel inspection before/during loading. on: Contact 2.4.1 Combination carrier means a ship designed to carry either oil or solid cargoes in bulk. Prior to loading, the moisture content should be checked by an independent inspector and a certificate provided. It is important to record both periods of ventilation and periods when ventilation is not possible or suitable (and why this is so, e.g. The Captain told local stevedores to stop loading and close the hatches as he feared it was going to rain. Two of the most widely used fumigants are Methyl bromide and Metal phosphide (Phosphine). In case any symptoms of phosphine poisoning occur, such as nausea, vomiting, headache and cough, the person should leave the compartment and seek medical advice immediately. As the vessel steams towards the warm region, the temperature of its structure will increase gradually following that of the sea water and air. It is important to find out what type of grain is about to be carried and if it gives off any dangerous gases. on: Lines are open Contact Marine order 34—Solid bulk cargoes . Additionally, charter parties commonly list out provisions for fumigation of holds. Berths are designated by the management of a facility (e.g., port authority, harbor master). Over thousands of years of cultivation, numerous forms of wheat have evolved.The table below lists the classification system used in the United States. A fuel oil tank used for heating HFO was situated right below the affected cargo holds. Other countries may use other classification systems. NORGRAIN paragraph 3. Bauxite cargoes are problematic cargoes capable of experiencing severe liquefaction if not carried in accordance with the requirements of the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes ( IMSBC) Code. After the carriage of contaminating (coal, ores, cement, sulphur, etc. Cargoes will need to be fumigated, and in case significant delays occur at any stage in the voyage thought would have to be given to checking and possibly re-fumigating the cargo as insect populations and other pests can multiply rapidly in a cargo hold of wheat. 2.4.2 Crude oil tanker means an oil tanker engaged in the trade of carrying crude oil. At the other end of the voyage the process is reversed and the grain is offloaded from the ship into a storage elevator (silo etc. Wheat with a moisture content of over 16-17% can rapidly produce an excessively damp atmosphere within the hold. Most cargoes have an angle of repose (slip angle) of 20° from the horizontal, meaning that if the ship rolls more than 20° the cargo will shift. Safety of bulk carriers. 09:00 until 17:00 (CET). The Charterers warrant that the fumigants used will not expose the vessel’s personnel to any health hazards whatsoever, and will comply with IMO regulations. Vessel Inspection:The vessel shall pass the inspections of the relevant Port, State or National Authority and/or Grain Inspection Bureau at the first or sole port or place of loading, certifying the Vessel's readiness in all compartments to be loaded with the cargo covered by this Charter Party. ig: An example of fumigation warning sign as demonstrated in IMDG Code. It is also very important to separate different types of grains if they are carried in the same vessel. Most charter parties also list out rules for Cargo Spaces: GRAINCON paragraph 12. When they react with moisture in the air, phosphine gas is formed and dispersed within the hold atmosphere. Three Degree RuleThe so called three-degree rule is commonly applied on agricultural cargoes when deciding whether to ventilate or not. Additionally, ship's sweat can occur because of local heating or cooling events within the vessel. Communications Is your charter party such that it protects your interests? 09:00-17:00 (CET). If the cargo contains natural moisture, e.g. The process continues during the voyage until the hold is ventilated, the fumigant residues are later removed at the discharge port. The crew should be disembarked until the fumigation is completed and the vessel is certified as "gas free" by an authorised person. After three positive tests by a local authority laboratory, the owner had the cargo tested in the UK, and the test was negative. During discharge in Subic Bay, when opening the hatch covers, the cargo surveyor found live crawling insects in the cargo. for bad weather). 08:30-17:00 (CET), Lines are open Does your charterer have P&I cover with an IG club? Even at 25°C, the respiration intensity is low at moisture levels up to 13%. Owners were held responsible for the damage. It involves a comparison between the cargo loading temperature and the temperature of the external air during the voyage, with the intention that ventilation should only be given when the external temperature is at least 3°C cooler than the average cargo loading temperature. Contact Ventilation should also be applied when either of the following rules are fulfilled: Dew Point RuleAccording to the Dew Point Rule, ventilation should only be carried out when the dew point of the external air is lower than the temperature of the air within the hold, during fine weather and in the absence of sea spray. Most cargoes have an angle of repose (slip angle) of 20° from the horizontal, meaning that if the ship rolls more than 20° the cargo will shift. Cargo Spaces:Cargo shall be loaded in unobstructed main holds only, unless the Owners require, solely for trim and stability purposes, cargo to be loaded into wing spaces, always provided the cargo can bleed into centre holds. After dischargeIt is common to analyse the cargoes for bacteria, etc. The implementation of the Code is mandatory in conjunction with the obligations of the … Grain Standards Act and/or of a Grain Inspector employed by the Canada Department of Agriculture as required by the appropriate authorities. Remember unclean bills have consequences. Due to heavy passing rain showers, cargo in two of the holds were wetted. For example: SYNACOMEX 2000 paragraph 11:Charterers have the liberty to fumigate the cargo on board at loading and discharging port(s) or places en route at their risk and expense. Do not simply give-in to stevedores assurances that the loading will be ok in such conditions. ... CFS handling or equalization; providing specialized equipment disproportionately to a shipper to the detriment of other shippers, etc. The IMDG Code Supplement, 2018 edition, containing several related texts such as the EmS Guide and MFAG, replaces the previous 2014 edition. Singapore Office Use the link to get access to the ballast water management guide, the ship master’s security manual and many other publications. Self-heatingEspecially in freshly harvested grains with an average moisture contents of 14% or greater, there is a risk of self-heating; given the differing stages of ripeness of the individual grains; some of them have higher moisture contents. We will only use your email to respond to your message. It was found that during fumigation at the load port, the fumigants was not evenly scattered/ thoroughly mixed with the cargo. The holds must be “Grain Clean”. On Friday, a U.S. Coast Guard aircrew medevaced a 27-year-old passenger from a container ship about 40 nm to the west of San Luis Obispo, California. In recent years, there have been some cargo claims made on grain cargoes in Iran. At moisture levels of over 17%, swelling occurs in addition to fermentation, mould, rot and self-heating. BIMCO's Shipping Number of the Week, fleet graphics and 3rd party market reports on dry cargo, tanker, container, demolition, newbuilding and sale & purchase. on: BIMCO's Holiday Calendar covers general holidays in over 150 countries, plus local holidays and working hours in more than 680 ports around the world. If the vessel completes loading at a port in a different country than the first loading port, she shall pass the inspections of such subsequent national and/or regulatory bodies as may be required. Some suggest that a moisture content below 13% is considered a safe level for storage. When shipping wheat, there are a lot of factors that need to be taken into consideration. 09:00-17:00 CST. Cargo with a moisture content under 14% may not need extensive ventilation, but up to a moisture content of 15% surface ventilation is recommended. Seawater damage may result in structural damage to the ship due to the swelling in the hold. Ventilation and gas measurements must be carried out before anyone enters the hold. Owing to the highly toxic nature of all commonly used fumigants, these instructions should be followed carefully. The master SmartCon / IDEA support Charter parties may also state that representatives from the charterers, shippers, receivers and owners or their respective agents shall have the right to be on board whilst loading and/or discharging for the purpose of inspecting the cargo, checking the weight(s) and supervising their interests. Latest News, Events, Manufacturers Directory and Equipment Guide Fumigation at the load port prior to sailingSimilar to fumigation in cargo holds in transit, phosphine is frequently used when fumigation is required on board prior to sailing. Details of at least the three previous cargoes will be required. The ship must be substantially clean, dry, and ready to receive grain before the loading can begin. Clause B/L in conformity with M/R to protect carriers in case of discrepancies in quantity, damage / shortage / con tamination etc. For all the latest of BIMCO's own market analysis on global shipping, including macroeconomics, dry bulk, tanker and container. Ship's sweatShip's sweat occurs when warm moist air comes into contact with cold ship's steelwork inside the cargo hold. Cost of such inspection shall be borne by the Owners. Special care should be taken on voyages to avoid both cargo and ship's sweat. The existing port facilities allow the handling of practically all kinds of solid bulk, break-bulk, containerized and some liquid-bulk cargoes. Wheat/Grain is said to be one of the most difficult and dangerous cargoes to carry in bulk. Angles of ReposeWheat is predominantly transported as bulk cargo, but on some occasions transported in bags or even Containers. Surveyors should monitor the loading closely, and take samples at certain intervals. Please refer to Skuld Rule 5.2.5. From the storage elevator the wheat is gravity fed onto a railcar and shipped to port where it is offloaded and then reloaded to another storage elevator, usually by conveyor belts. Fumigation at the discharge port prior to dischargeMethyl bromide is often used when a rapid fumigation is required (usually within 24-48 hours) while the vessel is in the confines of a port. Read more. The inspector sieves the entire sample to perform a visual examination. Another scenario to bring about condensation, would be if refrigerating units are able to cool the ship's steel structure below the dew point of the air within the hold, leading to condensation on the cold steel. If wetting is caused by salt water, drying out and reconditioning the cargo may not be financially viable and a total loss could result. Prior to discharge ventilation must be done, forced if necessary, to reduce any gaseous residues below occupational exposure limits set by the flag State regulations for inside the free spaces. BIMCO’s statements are our position on topical policy issues which we consider relevant to our members. The most effective way to prevent ship's sweat is to ensure that a wheat cargo is sufficiently dried before loading. This could happen when a wheat cargo in bulk is loaded in a cold region for passage to a relatively warm region. This helps us direct your message to the correct department. IT support However, the use of methyl bromide is not recommended due to environmental reasons and is banned in some countries. This is because if external air with a relatively higher dew point is allowed to enter the hold, cargo sweat will result. BulkInside brings the latest powder and bulk solids handling innovations. After passing preliminary tests, the sample is divided into two portions of approx. Fumigation of wheat cargoThe main purpose of wheat cargo fumigation is to exterminate any live pests within an enclosed space, thereby avoiding the spread of diseases, and preventing commercial or other losses as a result of any damage to the vessel, the cargo itself and any subsequent cargoes thereafter.

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