explanation vs justification example

They would then run simulations of what would happen if the lens sagged and if the results seem to explain the image the experimenters may decide that they should redesign the lens or modify it. Going back to square I am claiming it WOULD BE an unwelcome consequence of never discarding (even FAPP) theories. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Humans engage in practical reasoning: they deliberate about what to doand how to do it. Logically, there is no square one. There are criticisms of solipsism explained in “The Fabric of Reality” by David Deutsch, namely that solipsists are just relabelling the rest of the world as part of their mind and so their theory complicates their worldview without explaining anything and is worse than realism.  +  This does not seem contrary to Popper and you have not explained why it is. He complained that no other philosophers talk about it, so that seemed to make it out of court so far as he is concerned. The conflation of causes and justification, i.e. A justification supposedly shows that its conclusions are correct or probably correct, which means presumably that we probably shouldn’t bother criticising them. Otherwise, it is not a gift (Rom. On expense reports that are created using the Business Expenses template, not all expenses on the report may be related to each other. equally as conjecture. When we do something that causes uncomfortable cognitive dissonance, we will have a greater tendency to justify it by making external attributions, blaming it on something outside of us. I am not sure if that version of fallibilism is actually found in Popper’s works. Rafe, Explanation versus Justification I had a really vivid dream recently. clarification . true or false For All Practical Purposes is compatible with fallibilism, When we are justified, we are declared righteous positionally (that is, before God we are righteous). I gather that he was not a professional but an interested laypeson, anyway he kept arguing and he kept going back to first base with the logical positivists and the logical empiricists, and he never got the idea of non-justificationism. What are the experimenters using to criticise their experiment? Being justified is a forensic term, opposed to condemnation. Justification also encourages people to waste time with endless fiddly details of a particular idea or course of action when often a cold hard critical look at the theory without the details will make it seem unpromising. Noun ()A reason, explanation, or excuse which provides convincing, morally acceptable support for behavior or for a belief or occurrence. Prior to 1992, the Yavapai ranch was operated in a fairly traditional manner. While this description is helpful, it isn’t enough. An explanation is provided without evidence of mathematical reasoning. If you haven’t seen it, it’s where Nicky Campbell gets a collection of ‘experts’, relevant campaigners, and also stubborn bigots (just to stir things up) and has them fight it out over a set of debates on semi-current affairs. So they will know about some of the problems that could arise and if one of those problems comes up they will redo the experiment, altering it to take account of the problem. Peter, can you explain what you mean by “going back to square one?” with an example from some field of research where you are currently engaged? Probable but not irrefutable correctness is not authoritarianism. Also, leaving all your ideas open to criticism doesn’t imply going back to square one because there is no square one. 3. Definition vs Justification vs Explanation vs Argument. administrator 0 Comments. Nor is there any particular reason to tell physics students about phlogiston, so the subject usually doesn’t come up. We can’t say that all data must survive criticism, because the same would apply to whatever data we are using to criticise it. What are the experimenters using to criticise their experiment? The nature of causation is one of the perennial problems of philosophy, so on the basis of this connection one might reasonably attempt to trace thinking about the nature of explanation to antiquity. 2. The Popperian stance is that theories must survive criticism to be taken seriously. One reason this decline is distressing is that the Bible uses the words justification and sanctification to express the saving work of Christ for sinners. He was getting angry-and with some justification. Explanations > Theories > External Justification. function() { Other theories that have stood up to criticism, or are at least independently testable. There is no justification for holding her in jail. by no means refutes it: maybe we should keep B and discard A. Explanations are most efficient when they are provided through the use of academic vocabulary as in the example above where the student noted that with common numerators, one can simply compare the denominators. 6:23). 2:8-9). Many people conflate explanation and justification. }, An explanation can also be looked upon as an encouragement to criticise an action or idea. There is no way you can tell whether a criticism of any particular idea will be fruitful in advance of hearing the criticism because that would require being able to anticipate what knowledge you will have in the future and if you could do that you would already have that knowledge. The confusion of explanation and justification is deeply rooted. I was in the midst of a The 100 setting, a post-apocalyptic science-fiction series Enrique and I were watching at the time. Therefore, 4/5 is greater than 4/7. . A sufficient or acceptable excuse or explanation made in court for an act that is otherwise unlawful; the showing of an adequate reason, in court, why a defendant committed the offense for which he or she is accused that would serve to relieve the defendant of liability. In both responses, the students provide a description of their thinking. The terms “explain” and “justify” are used frequently when discussing expectations for how students should support their solutions in mathematics. Again, I am not claiming we DO go back to square one. As regards its nature, it is the judicial act of God, by which he pardons all the sins of those who believe in Christ, and accounts, accepts, and … For example, the term “reason,” as in the question “what is the reason for your belief?” is ambiguous. I have posted a number of criticisms of them and what is needed is relevant You claim that Popperians would have to regard solipsism as true. While doubtless growing in grace, we are still, when compared to Christ, unrighteous. A justification is based on mathematical reasoning. A justification is based on mathematical reasoning. 4. Your email address will not be published. notice.style.display = "block"; To me, an explanation describes what the student did (frequently this is simply the steps taken to perform a procedure) and a justification includes why what the student did is mathematically okay. One student says that the numerators are the same so the denominators can be compared. But I think that categorising things as asymmetry between the status of data and theories, they cannot all be treated According tofoundationalism, any justified belief must either be foundational ordepend for its justification, ultimately, on foundational beliefs.Historically, foundationalism was very widely, almost universallyaccepted. })(120000); Justification vs. It is important to be aware when an explanation is not a justification. If there is a situation of complete symmetry, we won’t be able to see which one is false. I will give an example. Students can provide justifications even if they do not have mastery of academic vocabulary. or better corroborated. (typography) The alignment of text to the left margin (left justification), the right margin (right justification), or both margins (full justification). To say that some scientists cheated or made a mistake in obtaining their results, we obviously need evidence. Administrator Collectivism, Cross Cultural Management, Culture, Femininity, Hofstede, Individualism, Indulgence, Masculinity, Power Distance, Time Orientation, Uncertainty Avoidance. Advancing Learning. Justificationism is a bit like first base, we all start there and too many people don’t have to go back to it, because they never leave it:). Description. Justification may be understood as the explanation as to why a belief is a true one or an account of how one knows what one knows. Other theories that have stood up to criticism, or are at least independently testable. This letter can be written at work, in school or in other places. A criminal profiler may offer an explanation of a suspect's behavior (e.g. Explanations > Theories > Minimal Justification Principle. Transforming Teaching . Examples of justification for a project 1- Chinese Winds Demonstration Project . Data just doesn’t work like theories. Justifications are time consuming to produce. This fits well with my position on academic vocabulary (see my earlier blog post below). Last Updated On March 2, 2020 By Letter Writing Leave a Comment. Leaving everything equally open to criticism leads to a hopeless impasse. As far as I am aware nobody has yet found a problem for which phlogiston is the solution. Conjectures about the way the world works can be criticised by comparing them to other conjectures, including other conjectures about how the world works, as in the comparison of solipsism and realism. She was ar all data must survive criticism, because the same would apply to whatever data we are using to criticise it. Description | Example | So What? As for the notion that probable but irrefutable correctness is not authoritarian, that seems to be contradicted by your own statement that some ideas should not be criticised. The cattle walked free all year over all this portion of the ranch. detailed explanation of the business reason behind the expenses that are included on the report. What about anti-Darwin and anti-Einstein cranks? A foundational or noninferentially justified belief is one that doesnot depend on any other beliefs for its justification. As Popper noted in “Sources of Knowledge and Ignorance” (in Conjectures and Refutations), Western rationalism has typically been justificationist and therefore authoritarian. So solipsism has been successfully criticised and is now categorised as false. 3. Two students are asked to compare 4/7 and 4/5 to determine which fraction is greater. Minimal Justification Principle . telling me does not and should not happpen, “The Popperian stance is that theories must survive criticism to be taken seriously.”. Please reload the CAPTCHA. But when I say things should be categorised as false or true , I am told That is to say, both terms lie at the heart of the biblical gospel. – We should teach concepts before procedures. The explanation provided earlier includes a deeper description but it still does not include information regarding why the denominators can be compared so it is not a justification.  =  things like anti-Einstein or anti-Darwin crankery too seriously. Justification. So I don’t see why considering and dismissing easily criticisable theories should be such a big deal. Again, this position is consistent with Popper. “one of them must be false”–but which one? I do not have a problem of failing to “get”, as in understand, Poppers ideas. ; the person lost their job, the person got evicted, etc.). Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für explanation im Online-Wörterbuch dict.cc (Deutschwörterbuch). display: none !important; However, only the second response provides a window into why the student’s thinking is mathematically valid. Once students are comfortable justifying their thinking about a mathematical idea, the justification is no longer necessary. reliable, particularly those that are needed to make and interpret observations. (function( timeout ) { Since science does progress, it doesn’t go back to square one, and so there are no examples of this. I have explained why physics and chemistry students are not usually told much about phlogiston theory: it has been successfully criticised. Justification is an instantaneous occurrence with the result being eternal life. accompanying tables, or one-line item table with text explanations in the table (see examples on subsequent pages). We propose conjectures about the way the world works and conjectures about what has happened in a particular place at a particular time. Justification does not encourage criticism. Another student says that both fractions describe four parts of a whole. .hide-if-no-js { Explanations are good; justifications are at best a waste of time. So solipsism has been successfully criticised and is now categorised as false. Explanations are good; justifications are at best a waste of time. 5. This does not seem contrary to Popper and you have not explained why it is. Since there are fewer pieces in the same-size whole, the pieces must be bigger. Note that it doesn’t depend on proving those ideas are right or probably right or on proving they solve the problem, only on whether, in fact, they do solve the problem. The students both conclude that 4/5 is greater than 4/7. His justification for the merger was just hot air. that only beliefs which have the “right” physical or psychological causes are justified, has led to some peculiar developments in both philosophy and psychology. If I take an action for which I have some explanation and it all goes horribly wrong then I may be able to criticise my actions more easily if I can explain them. 161+4 sentence examples: 1. Someone wrote (in way that was supposed to be encouraging), something like, “it is good to see a beginner taking a wider interest and if you keep reading critically for a year or two with the benefit of a better grip on Popper and Bartley, you will be able to get ahead and leave most of this stuff behind”. If there is a clash, then one of the theories must be false. If there is a clash, then one of the theories must be false. Most people, philosophers included, think of explanation in terms of causation. 19 examples: There are even theories of legal justification that deny the logic of override… Description. The leader of the discussion then replied by saying, ‘Ah, but then we wouldn’t be discussing the meaning of the phrase “to know” in English.’ The discussion then waded into a mire of pointless precision and logic chopping. Popperians cannot regard uncriticised theories as true by default, because then but the ball can never get rolling if all data and all theories have At this point, a simple explanation should suffice. By avoiding the terms numerator and denominator with the fraction comparison problem, the second student needed to explain their meanings. You have every justification for feeling angry. June 17, 2017. It is based completely and solely upon Jesus’ sacrifice on the cross (1 Pet. It is interesting to note that the explanation used the terms numerator and denominator while the justification did not include mathematical vocabulary. Is there a difference between explaining and justifying? 2. two Criticism requires this asymmetry as much as verification of foundationalism. (A random selection of theories is generally contradictory and inconsistent: a random collection of data is generally not). Why is this position is unsatisfactory? }. However, if everyone agreed with that, this discussion would have finished some – generating ideas that are not wrong in some particular respect in which past theories were wrong. With 4/5 the whole is divided into fewer pieces than with 4/7. Our conjectures about how the world works can also be compared to the results of experiments. A balance must be struck between the consequences of fallibility and requirements to make progress. Very roughly, to explain an event or phenomenon is to identify its cause. since fallibilism only say that nothing is absolutely true or false in principle. How we organize our instruction influences how students come to make sense of mathematics. | See also | References . We should also separate justification and explanation. More than 2/3 of the ranch were not fenced and the watering was very poor. This a reasonable thing to do because you are not aware of any criticisms of your current position from the crank despite attempts to find such a criticism. one is a theoretical idea, an unwelcome consequence of the notion that not only are absolute proofs and disproof impossible, but that nothing is ever accepted or shelved for all practical purposes, so that everything is constantly researched and criticised equally forever. If I say why I’m doing something somebody might come up with an argument against it that will change my mind. Time limit is exhausted. In the fraction comparison example, the student’s explanation is fairly complete. time ago. Probable but not irrefutable correctness is not authoritarianism. So the amount of time needed to reply to cranks is not a serious threat to scientific productivity. An explanation of the difference between explaining and justifying — or maybe its a justification… you decide by Juli Dixon, Small Group Instruction by Juli Dixon [from the (Un)Productive Practices Series], Neglecting Opportunities to Connect Concepts and Procedures by Juli Dixon [from the (Un)Productive Practices Series], Leading Instruction by Introducing Academic Vocabulary by Juli Dixon [from the (Un)Productive Practices Series], Providing Scaffolding Just in Case by Juli Dixon [from the (Un)Productive Practices Series], Teaching Concepts Using Gradual Release of Responsibility by Juli Dixon [from the (Un)Productive Practices Series], Posting Lesson Objectives for Conceptual Lessons by Juli Dixon [from the (Un)Productive Practices Series]. English. Examples of legal justification in a sentence, how to use it. He replied that he had been reading philosophy for thirty years. JUSTIFICATION: Describe need and include explanation of how costs were estimated. (Among the ancients, for example, Aristotle’s theory of causation is plausibly regarded as a theory of explanation.) Please reload the CAPTCHA. Critical rationalism and the critique of constructivist rationalism, ‘Brexit’ and the Political Ideals of the Open Society. Sample Justification Wording • • When a University Staff employee in the supporting documentation aboveSchedule 14 or 15 is due a progression adjustment in accordance with OHR Policy 10.01, V. e. V. e. indicate a new position for which recruitment may be required; and Explanation of advancement in knowledge, skills, ability; and Fortunately, it isn’t difficult to refute the work of cranks because the cranks don’t hold their work to a high standard. No. Both are important, what matters is when they are emphasized. and abandon previously trusted theories, but we must not do it too often, or take But you needn’t say that the reason you’re not criticising the experimental results is that they are somehow magically better than other theories, it just happens that you have no criticism. Sometimes the reason demanded is a cause of somekind, like “I believe because that is what I was told in school.” However, other times the reason demanded is a justification, i.e. Explanation: Noam Chomsky: Amazon.de: MP3-Downloads Select Your Cookie Preferences We use cookies and similar tools to enhance your shopping experience, to provide our services, understand how customers use our services so we can make improvements, and display ads. – We should expect students to provide justifications before explanations. I dreamt of how my team and I brought a person from a different tribe back to our camp. An idea can onnly be criticised by another idea that is somehow more probable This might be due to the experimental result being true, or it might be due to a lack of imagination on your part. They have been a constant theme indiscussions of the character of human behaviour in the history ofphilosophy. Justification definition: A justification for something is an acceptable reason or explanation for it. Required fields are marked *, Notify me of followup comments via e-mail, please answer (required): * Experimentalists usually take a lot of trouble to criticise possible flaws in their experiments before they run the experiment. An explanation often provides causes for paricular facts (whether they be physical, psychological, or even, in a metaphorical sense, methamatical), while a justification often references causes while implicitly appealing to some authority to justify belief. – We should support students to use everyday language before academic language. I like it because it gets me really angry. If you can’t think of any criticisms of one of those ideas, say, the result of an experiment, then you start trying to solve this problem by criticising your other theories. Aristotle argued that “not all knowledge isdemonstrative” (i.e., not all knowledge is based on an argumentfrom other things known), and that some knowledge must be“independent of de… We don’t go back to square one historically because our problems and theories change over time so we don’t have the same problems and theories as Newton did. Students can reason in their own words. As such they spend all their time working on a problem they could solve by spending two minutes with a dictionary instead of spending their time trying to solve interesting epistemological problems. . Explanation vs. Justification I was watching my favourite TV program, The Big Questions, today. If we keep going back to square one, we get nowhere. Notice the trends and how they work together –. This will be the topic of my next post. One is that if you level up so that they are both regarded as true-by-default, you are going to have to face a morass of contradictory conjectures. var notice = document.getElementById("cptch_time_limit_notice_66"); and data as not merely both conjectural and falsifiable but as otherwise It is consistent with the claim that fallibilism allows you to shelve problems FAPP. about the way the world works can be criticised by comparing them to other conjectures. Data and theories are different things need to be treated differently. For example, they might criticise what they see through a telescope by noticing that the image looks like the image a star that is distorted and conjecture that this is due to the lens sagging. timeout Progress is based on having an ever expanding pool of ideas that shouldn’t be criticised. If you want to say that all is conjecture, but not all conjectures are equal. You might be more likely to observe a student simply explain that the common numerator strategy was used without going into further detail. Time limit is exhausted. Ideas that are probably correct can still be criticised. You have not explained why we should think that Popper’s epistemology implies otherwise. How to use justification in a sentence. I believe that we should require students to justify their thinking as they build conceptual understanding. But theories are discarded. Description | Research | Example | So What? The flat earth theory, epicycles and phlogiston have been discarded. An explanation is provided without evidence of mathematical reasoning. There is no guaranteed true, rock solid bedrock of experimental results. Nonetheless , I do not agree with all of them. An explanation is a theory about why something happened or why we should do one thing rather than another. the same initial probability assigned to them, (and taking the asymmetry A justification is a story about why we are right, or probably right, to adopt one theory rather than another or one proposal for action rather than another. An explanation and justification of the problems of Odysseus in the odyssey . an authority, usually an abstract principle, which justifies the belief. The words justification and sanctification have largely fallen out of use in Western culture. You might be more likely to observe a student simply explain that the common numerator strategy was used without going into further detail. IMPORTANT TIPS: At the top most corner following date, as usual in letters, write the name of the person with rank and address to whom you are addressing. Of course they Sadly, they are also fading from sight in the Christian church. So, again, it is not a threat to science. The reason I ask is that there was an interesting exchange in the Critical Cafe a few years ago, a person came on the list and started arguing with the resident Popperians in an interesting but frustrating manner. Since five is less than seven, 4/5 is greater than 4/7. I thought he was probably an undergraduate and it was gratifying to see that he had read much wider than the usual, but not to the point of seeing all the defects in the views he was expounding. The purpose of this post is to make sense of that difference through the use of a mathematical task. “A justification supposedly shows that its conclusions are correct or probably correct, which means presumably that we probably shouldn’t bother criticising them.”, 1. To say of some unproven and untested conjecture A that it contradricts some other unproven and untested conjecture B It is not a good theory and criticising it doesn’t take long on the occasions when they pay attention to it. Justification is the declaring of a person to be just or righteous. do and must treat uncriticised data as true by default. The “applying agency” is donating the additional costs for office supplies and postage. Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions. As for cranks, when you criticise a person’s position and they refuse to address the criticisms you have proposed and you don’t know what other criticisms you could make that would produce an interesting discussion, you should go work on another problem. Your email address will not be published. An explanation for the reason that something happened is just finding out why something happened, a sort of factual approach. as phlogiston, and that it does take some theories as unproblematically External Justification . If you go the other way, and regard both as false-by-default, you will have That is not the CR or the Popperian stance. Many people conflate explanation and justification. if ( notice ) Clarification vs Justification - What's the difference? I am an Authoritarian Justificationist. There is and must be an Criticism requires this asymmetry as much as verification of foundationalism, It is a matter of fact that science actually does shelve ideas, such See more. on a completely equal footing. | See also | References . Reasoning is important. An idea can only be criticised by another idea that is somehow more probable or better corroborated. A justification is a story about why we are right, or probably right, to adopt one theory rather than another or one proposal for action rather than another. It is important to be aware when an explanation is not a justification. responses, not repetitions of the original ideas or “if only you read Popper you would Believe as we do”. Explanation Letter – Sample Explanation Letter. And since we live in a fallibilist world, we must sometimes re-introduce old ideas A justification, however, is saying whether or not it was okay that something happened—if why something happened was a good enough reason. This is a completely wrongheaded way to do epistemology, but the people involved in trying to justify the way people use ‘to know’ were too busy looking at the fine details to see this problem. 2:24) and is received by faith alone (Eph. I think there is a difference. Have you published in the scientific or philosophical literature anywhere so we can get a handle on your approach when you are laying out a line of thought rather than just dropping into a pub conversation? Since concepts should be taught before procedures then it follows that students would provide justifications for solutions to problems before they would provide explanations without justifications. What we need is ways to do quality control, and that need is served just as well by using independently testable theories. An explanation is a theory about why something happened or why we should do one thing rather than another. There is no foundation from which we build everything up, and such an idea is inherently and deeply anti-rational because “square one” would have to remain unexplained. However, while we are positionally righteous, we are practically not perfectly righteous. Whenever you have two ideas that clash, one of them must be wrong. Therefore, we are justified by faith (Romans 5:1). I have been arguing that there are two problems with regarding theories An explicit statement of why it seems like a good idea invites people to pick apart the list of arguments I’ve given for my preference. Some scholars and scientists read their work and take the trouble to refute their ideas. You claim that Popperians would have to regard solipsism as true. nothing to refute a conjecture with. Justifications do not rely on academic vocabulary – I would even go as far as to argue that withholding some academic vocabulary is useful in providing a justification. For example attempts to justify a theft usually explain the motives (e.g., to feed a starving family). Explanations are good because they provide a target for criticism. January 19, 2020. No works are necessary whatsoever to obtain justification. Definition is the way of briefing some word or object in comprehensive manner that is just opposite to explanation that do something but with detailed description of an object or word. Do People Justify The System Because They Believe They Will Be Rich One Day? The term explanation is sometimes used in the context of justification, e.g., the explanation as to why a belief is true. Justification definition, a reason, fact, circumstance, or explanation that justifies or defends: His insulting you was ample justification for you to leave the party. With this in mind, when do you think it makes sense to give students notes on mathematical ideas? Your claims work fine so long as the ball has somehow got rolling, It is extremely difficult to refute the work of cranks to THEIR satisfaction because they don’t see things like “your theory makes no quantitative predictions” as any kind of problem, That physics (or chemistry) students are never told about phlogiston is further evidence that it has been discarded FAPP, something that Popperians keep

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